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1
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Allegory
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Allegory
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Illustration
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Continued comparison by representation or implication
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Points of comparison
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Allegory is broader term in Semitic languages than Western.
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2
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Anadiplosis
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Like Endings & Beginnings
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Repetition
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Repetition of the same word or words at the end of one sentence or clause and at the beginning of another.
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The repeated words
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3
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Anaeresis
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Detraction
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Parentheses
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A parenthetic addition complete in itself, a detraction by a negative expression.
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The positive opposite
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The negative appears to take something away but really is adding to it. Cf. Tapeinosis
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4
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Anaphora
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Like-Beginnings
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Repetition
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The repetition of the same word at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences
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The repeated word
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5
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Antanaclasis
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Word-Clashing
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Repetition
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Repetition of the same word in the same sentence, with different meanings
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Repeated words
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Homonym – same word has more than one usage.
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6
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Antonomasia
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Name Change
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Meaning
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Change of proper name for appellative or vice versa
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Name
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Description takes place of the literal name
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7
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Asyndeton
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No-Ands
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Grammar
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An enumeration of things without conjunctions.
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The whole unit
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Important to view the group as a whole unit. May have emphasis on last item in list.
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8
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Catachresis
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Incongruity
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Meaning
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One word changed for another only remotely connected with it.
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Correct meaning.
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9
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Cataploce
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Exclamation
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Parentheses
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A parenthetic addition complete in itself, a sudden exclamation.
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On the sentence before.
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E.g., “God forbid!” Exclamation differs from interjection because it usually involves an emotional response.
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10
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Climax
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Gradation
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Repetition
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Continuous anadiplosis – repetition of endings and beginnings of one sentence or clause.
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The build up of logic
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Each concept repeated is important to note and consider. E.g. II Peter 1:5
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11
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Epanadiplosis
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Encircling
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Repetition
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Repetition of the same word or words at the beginning and end of a sentence.
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Repeated word(s)
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Consider the sentences in between as a unit of thought.
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12
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Epistrophe
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Like Endings
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Repetition
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Repetition of the same word or words at the end of successive clauses or sentences.
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Repeated word(s)
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Often sets a structural pattern.
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13
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Epitrechon
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Remark (Running Along)
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Parentheses
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A parenthetic addition not complete in itself, used as an explanatory remark.
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Pause
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Read from before the parenthesis to after to complete the sentence.
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14
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Epizeugxis
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Duplication
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Repetition
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Repetition of the same word in immediate succession.
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Repeated word
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Effect is to establish the word duplicated. E.g. Isaiah 26:3
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15
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Erotesis
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Interrogative
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Rhetoric
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The asking of questions without waiting for the answer.
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Answer
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The meaning must be gleaned by putting the question into a statement. Question always has an obvious answer.
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16
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Hendiadys
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Two for One
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Meaning
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Two words used, but one thing meant.
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The combination of concepts
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The words can be put together using one as an adjective, but more often are best described with a different word that combines the two ideas.
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17
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Homeopropheron
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Alliteration
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Repetition
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Repetition of the same letter or syllable at the commencement of successive words.
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What the syllable means
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If the alliteration is only a letter, the emphasis is on the words that have that letter.
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18
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Hypocatastasis
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Implication
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Illustration
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A declaration that implies the resemblance or representation, comparison by implication.
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What is compared
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In Semitic thinking, the parts of the body all represent something specific. Can take a metaphor and use the meaning without the verb “to be”
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19
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Hypotimesis
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Under-Estimating
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Parentheses
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A parenthetic addition complete in itself, an underevaluation, apology or excuse
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The opposite
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20
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Idioma
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Idiom
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Meaning
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The peculiar usage of words and phrases.
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The real meaning of phrase
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Idioms are particular to each language and culture.
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21
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Interjectio
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Interjection
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Parentheses
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A parenthetic addition complete in itself, thrown in between, exclamation
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What follows the exclamation
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22
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Metalepsis
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Double Metonymy
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Meaning
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Two metonymies, one contained in the other, but only one expressed
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The meaning underneath
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There are at least two steps to discover the meaning
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23
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Metaphor
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Representation
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Illustration
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A declaration that one thing is (or represents) another, or comparison by representation
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What is represented
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Usually has form of the verb “to be”
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24
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Metonymy
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Change of Noun
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Meaning
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The change of one noun for another related noun.
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The related noun
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Several categories: cause, effect, time, place
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25
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Parabola
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Parable
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Illustration
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Comparison by continued resemblance.
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Points of comparison
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Can be extended simile. There is often more than one point of comparison. Parable is a broader term in Semitic thinking than in Greek.
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26
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Paradiastole
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Neither-Nor
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Repetition
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Repetition of the disjunctives: neither, nor, either, or
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Words in between
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Consider each noun or phrase carefully.
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27
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Parembole
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Insertion
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Parentheses
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A parenthetic addition complete in itself – a digression.
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The parenthesis as a unit
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Context not needed or required to be understood
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28
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Polysyndeton
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Many-Ands
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Grammar
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The repetition of the word “and” at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences.
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Each connected noun or phrase
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Consider each word connected with “and” carefully.
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29
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Prosopopoeia
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Personification
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Illustration
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Things or ideas represented as persons.
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The thing or idea
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Human characteristics given to inanimate objects or abstract ideas. Can be an action that a person would do.
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30
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Repetitio
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Repetition
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Repetition
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Repetition of the same word or words irregularly in the same passage.
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Ties the passage together
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The repeated word is emphasized but often to just set the structural pattern.
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31
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Simile
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Resemblance
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Illustration
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A declaration that one thing resembles another, comparison by resemblance.
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That which is described
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Uses “like” or “as” in comparison. The meaning is understood more vividly and often more deeply because of the comparison.
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32
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Syncrisis
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Repeated Simile
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Illustration
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Repetition of a number of resemblances.
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The points of comparison
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Several similes linked together in close proximity
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33
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Synecdoche
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Transfer (or Part for Whole)
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Meaning
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The exchange of one idea for another associated idea.
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The implied idea
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Often a part is used for the whole.
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34
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Tapeinosis
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Demeaning
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Rhetoric
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A lessening of a thing in order to increase it.
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The true meaning
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Differs from meosis – the word(s) magnified are the same.
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35
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Meiosis
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Belittling
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Rhetoric
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A belittling of something in order to magnify something else.
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The true meaning
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Cf. Tapeinosis
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36
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Parenthesis
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Parenthesis
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Parentheses
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A parenthetic addition complete in itself, but needs context to be understood
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Explanation of previous sentence
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This is the true figure of parenthesis used as an explanation or description.
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37
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Paramegnon
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Derivation
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Repetition
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Repetition of words derived from same root: similar in sound but different in meaning
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The build up of concept
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Usually different nouns or verbs formed from same root but which have distinct meanings of their own.
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38
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Homeoteleuton
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Like Endings
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Repetition
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Repetition of successive words ending with same letters or syllables
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Repeated word(s)
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39
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Homeoptoton
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Like Inflections
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Repetition
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Repetition of like inflections
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Words with repeated endings
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40
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Paromoesis
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Assimilation
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Repetition
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Repetition of inflections similar in sound
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Words with repeated inflections
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41
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Epanalepsis
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Resumption
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Repetition
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Repetition of word or phrase after any kind of parenthesis or digression
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Marks return to a previous subject
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42
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Hendiatris
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Three for One
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Meaning
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Three words used, one thing meant
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The combination of concepts
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43
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Ellipsis
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Omission
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Rhetoric
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Words omitted from a sentence or phrase that are necessary to complete the grammar, but not the sense
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The omitted word
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44
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Paroemia
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Proverb
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Rhetoric
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A saying, a trite expression, common remark, maxim
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The moral lesson implied
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These are culturally related and it is important to understand the manners or customs behind the saying
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45
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Enigma
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Dark Saying
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Rhetoric
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A dark or obscure saying, a puzzling statement, riddle
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The truth behind the statement
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Often the saying is not explained
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46
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Eironeia
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Irony
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Meaning
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The expression of thought in a form that naturally conveys the opposite
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The opposite meaning
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Can be sarcastic, but more often is only obviously the opposite.
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47
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Oxymoron
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Wise-Folly
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Rhetoric
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A wise saying that seems foolish
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The wisdom or lesson implied
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Some proverbs utilize this figure
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48
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Apostrophe
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Aside
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Rhetoric
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A turning aside from the direct subject matter to address others
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Points to specific group
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The group addressed needs to take special note
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49
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Heterosis
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Exchange
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Meaning
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Exchange of one accidence of part of speech for another
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The correct form
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This is especially used with verb tenses.
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50
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Hypallage
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Interchange
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Meaning
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An interchange of construction whereby a word is grammatically related with another
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In a genitive phrase the first noun is interchanged as an adjective.
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51
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Hyperbole
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Exaggeration
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Meaning
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When more is said than is literally meant.
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The literal meaning
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52
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Anabasis
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Gradual Ascent
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Rhetoric
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An increase of sense in successive sentences.
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The logic of the sentences
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53
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Catabasis
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Gradual Descent
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Rhetoric
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A decrease of sense in successive sentences.
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The logic of the sentences
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54
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Merismos
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Distribution
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Meaning
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An enumeration of the parts of a whole that has been mentioned
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The whole
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E.g. “morning and evening” means the whole day
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55
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Synathroesmos
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Enumeration
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Meaning
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An enumeration of the parts of a whole that has not been mentioned
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The whole
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Cf. Merismos
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56
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Epanados
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Inversion
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Repetition
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Repetition of different words in a sentence, in an inverse order (but same sense)
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Repeated words
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Contributes to understanding of the structure of a passage.
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57
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Paranomasia
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Rhyming Words
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Repetition
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Repetition of words similar in sound, but not in sense or origin.
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The concepts that rhyme
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58
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Polyptoton
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Many Inflections
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Repetition
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Repetition of the same noun or verb in different conjugations or inflections.
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The root verb
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Can be verb with related noun/adjective. Common in Semitic languages.
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59
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Synonymia
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Synonym
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Meaning
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Repetition of words different in sound and origin, but similar in meaning
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The repeated concept
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Common in English and Western languages.
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60
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Repeated Negation
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Many No’s
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Repetition
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Repetition of two or more negatives
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The negative
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Can be combination of negative verb with another negative conjunction.
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61
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Euphemismos
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Ephemism
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Meaning
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Change of what is unpleasant for pleasant
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The reality of what is meant
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62
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Hyperbaton
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Transposition
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Grammar
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The placing of a word out of its usual order in a sentence.
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The word out of place
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Often used with an adjective or pronoun.
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63
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Anthropopatheia
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Condescension
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Meaning
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The ascribing of human attributes to God
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The action or picture described
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Hebrew name is “Derech Benai Adam”, the way of the sons of man.
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64
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Epibole
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Overlaid Repetition
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Repetition
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Repetition of the same phrase at irregular intervals.
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The repeated phrase
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Differs from anaphora and repetitio by being a phrase not just one word.
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